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This article is about the U.S. State of Colorado. For other uses, see Colorado (disambiguation).
The State of Colorado is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. Colorado may also be considered to be a part of the Western and Southwestern regions of the United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the state population was 4,861,515 in 2007, a 13.03% increase since the U.S. Census 2000.Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (2007-12-27). Retrieved on 2007-12-27. Denver is the capital as well as the most populous city of Colorado. Citizens of Colorado are known as Coloradans.
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The State of Colorado is defined as the geoellipsoidal rectangle that stretches from 37°N to 41°N latitude and from 102°03\'W to 109°03\'W longitude (25°W to 32°W from the Washington Meridian).An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado (PDF). Thirty-sixth United States Congress (1861-02-28). Retrieved on 2007-02-14. Colorado is one of only three U.S. states (with Wyoming and Utah) that have only lines of latitude and longitude for boundaries.
Map of Colorado - PDF
The summit of Mount Elbert at 4,401.2 meters (14,440 ft) elevation in Lake County is the state\'s highest point and the highest point in the entire Rocky Mountains. Colorado has more than 500 mountain peaks that exceed 4,000 meters (13,123 ft) elevation. Colorado is the only U.S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters (3,281 ft) elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado, and into Cheyenne County, Kansas, is the lowest point in the State of Colorado at 1,010 meters (3,314 ft) elevation. This crossing point holds the distinction of being the highest low point of any U.S. state.U.S. Geological Survey. Elevations and Distances. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
Digital elevation model relief map of Colorado — nearly half of the state is flat in stark contrast to Colorado\'s rugged Rocky Mountains.
East of the Southern Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Colorado at elevations ranging from 3314 to 6562 feet (1010 to 2000 m). The states of Kansas and Nebraska border Colorado to the east. The plains are sparsely settled with most population along the South Platte and the Arkansas rivers. Precipitation is meager, averaging from 12 to 18 inches (300 to 450 mm) annually. There is some irrigated farming, but much of the land is used for dryland farming or ranching. Winter wheat is a typical crop and most small towns in the region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator.
The bulk of Colorado\'s population lives along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This region is partially protected from prevailing storms by the high mountains to the west.
To the west lies the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains with notable peaks such as Longs Peak, Mount Evans, Pikes Peak, and the Spanish Peaks near Walsenburg in the south. This area drains to the east, is forested, and partially urbanized. During the drought of 2002 devastating forest fires swept this area.
The Continental Divide dips down to 3,655 meters (11,991 ft) at Loveland Pass.
The Continental Divide stretches across the crest of the Rocky Mountains. To the west of the Continental Divide is the Western Slope. Water west of the Continental Divide drains west into the Sea of Cortez via the Colorado River.
Within the interior of the Rocky Mountains are several large parks or high broad basins. In the north, on the east side of the Continental Divide is North Park. North Park is drained by the North Platte River, which flows north into Wyoming. Just south but on the west side of the Continental Divide is Middle Park, drained by the Colorado River. South Park is the headwaters of the South Platte River. To the south lies the San Luis Valley, the headwaters of the Rio Grande, which drains into New Mexico. Across the Sangre de Cristo Range to the east of the San Luis Valley lies the Wet Mountain Valley. These basins, particularly the San Luis Valley, lie along the Rio Grande Rift, a major geological formation, and its branches.
The Rocky Mountains within Colorado contain 51 peaks that are 14,000 feet (4,267 m) or higher elevation, known as fourteeners. The mountains are timbered with conifers and aspen to the tree line, at an elevation of about 12,140 feet (3,700 m) in southern Colorado to about 10,500 feet (3,200 m) in northern Colorado; above this only alpine vegetation grows. The Colorado Rockies are snow-covered only in the winter; most snow melts by mid-August with the exception of a few small glaciers. The Colorado Mineral Belt, stretching from the San Juan Mountains in the southwest to Boulder and Central City on the front range, contains most of the historic gold- and silver-mining districts of Colorado.
The Western Slope is generally drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries. Notable to the south are the San Juan Mountains, an extremely rugged mountain range, and to the west of the San Juans, the Colorado Plateau, a high desert bordering Southern Utah. Grand Junction is the largest city on the Western Slope. Grand Junction is served by Interstate Highway I-70. To the southeast of Grand Junction is Grand Mesa, the world\'s largest flat-topped mountain. Further east are the ski resorts of Aspen, Vail, Crested Butte, and Steamboat Springs. The northwestern corner of Colorado bordering Northern Utah and Western Wyoming is mostly sparsely populated rangeland.
From west to east, the state consists of desert-like basins, turning into plateaus, then alpine mountains, and then the grasslands of the Great Plains. The famous Pikes Peak is just west of Colorado Springs. Its lone peak is visible from near the Kansas border on clear days.[citation needed]
Colorado is also one of only four states in the United States to share a common border (Four Corners), along with Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. At this intersection, it is possible to stand in four states at once.
Spring melt at Bear Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park.
The climate of Colorado is quite complex compared to most of the United States. The typical south-north/cooler-warmer variation in other states is generally not applicable at all in Colorado. The location of mountain ranges and surrounding valleys affect local climate greatly. As a general rule, with an increase in elevation come a decrease in temperature and an increase in precipitation. A main climatic division in Colorado occurs where the Rocky Mountains begin with the Front Range cities and the plains to the east, the mountains and valleys to the west, and the foothills as a transitional zone in between the two.
Center pivot irrigation of wheat growing in Yuma County.
The climate of the Eastern Plains is a semi-arid continental climate (Koppen climate classification BSk) of low humidity and moderately low precipitation, usually from 10 to 15 inches (250 to 380 mm) annually. The area is known for its abundant sunshine and cool clear nights, which give this area the highest average diurnal temperature range in the United States. In summer, this area can have many days above 95 °F (35 °C) and sometimes 100 °F (38 °C) or more. Temperatures in excess of 115 °F (46 °C) in the northeast corner of the state are not uncommon, although 105 °F (41 °C) is the maximum in the front range cities above 5000 ft (1500 m). In those areas, -25 °F is the all-time record low. About 75% of the precipitation falls within the growing season, from April to September, but this area is very prone to droughts. Most of the precipitation comes in the form of thunderstorms which are often severe, and the form of major snowstorms that happen most often in the early Spring and in late Autumn, and sometimes Winter, from low pressures that bring the right conditions. Otherwise, Winters tend to be drier and cold, even though it\'s known for having a number of mild days in many Winters. In much of this region, March and April are the snowiest months. April and May are normally the rainiest months, while April is the wettest month that has the most combination of rain and snow. The Front Range cities closer to the mountains tend to be warmer in the winter due to chinook winds which warm the area, sometimes bringing temperatures up to 60 °F (16 °C) or higher in the winter. [1] Western Regional Climate Center. Last accessed 2006-10-24. The average July temperature is 57 degrees in the morning and 87 degrees in the afternoon. The average January temperature is 15 degrees in the morning and 43 degrees in the afternoon, although the daily high may be 60 one day and 0 the next.
Snowpack in the mountains of Colorado.
West of the plains and foothills, the weather of Colorado is much less uniform. Even places a few miles (kilometers) apart can experience entirely different weather, depending on the topography of the area. Most valleys also have a semi-arid climate, which becomes an alpine climate at higher elevations. Generally, the wettest season is in the winter in Western Colorado while June is the driest month, which is the opposite of precipitation patterns in the east. The mountains have cool summers with many days of high temperatures around 60 °F (16 °C) and 70 °F (21 °C), although frequent thunderstorms can cause a sudden drop in temperatures. Summer nights are cool, and cold at the highest altitudes which can sometimes bring snow even in the middle of the summer. The winters bring abundant, powdery snowfall to the mountains which the skiers love, although even in the winter, there can be many days with abundant sunshine in between major storms. The Western Slope has high summer temperatures similar to those found on the plains while the winters tend to be slightly cooler due to the lack of any warming winds which are common in the plains and Front Range. Other areas in the west have their own unique weather. The San Luis Valley is generally dry with little rain or snow, although the snow that falls tends to stay on the ground all winter.
A thunderstorm in Denver.
Extreme weather is a common occurrence in Colorado. Thunderstorms are common east of the Continental divide in the spring and summer, and Colorado is one of leading states in deaths due to lightning. Hail is a common sight in the mountains east of the divide and in the northwest part of the state. While not as common as some of the states to the east, much of the Eastern Plains are prone to tornadoes, and there have been some damaging tornadoes there. An example is the 1990 Limon F3 tornado which devastated the city. Floods are also a factor in the plains, not just from the thunderstorms, but also due to heavy snow in the mountains followed by a warm, dry period which swells rivers with melted snow.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Colorado was 118 °F (48 °C) on July 11, 1888, at Bennett, while the lowest was -61 °F (-52 °C) on February 1, 1985, at Maybell.Record Highest Temperatures by State (PDF). National Climatic Data Center (2004-01-01). Retrieved on 2007-01-11.Record Lowest Temperatures by State (PDF). National Climatic Data Center (2004-01-01). Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
| Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Colorado Cities | ||||||||||||
| City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamosa | 33/-4 | 40/5 | 50/16 | 59/23 | 68/32 | 78/40 | 82/46 | 79/45 | 72/36 | 62/24 | 46/11 | 35/-1 |
| Colorado Springs | 42/13 | 45/18 | 52/24 | 59/31 | 68/41 | 79/50 | 86/55 | 82/54 | 74/45 | 63/34 | 50/23 | 42/16 |
| Denver | 43/15 | 47/19 | 54/25 | 61/34 | 70/44 | 82/53 | 88/59 | 86/57 | 77/47 | 66/36 | 52/24 | 44/16 |
| Grand Junction | 37/16 | 45/23 | 56/31 | 64/38 | 74/46 | 87/55 | 96/61 | 92/60 | 83/50 | 67/39 | 50/26 | 39/18 |
| Pueblo | 45/14 | 50/19 | 57/26 | 65/34 | 75/45 | 86/54 | 91/59 | 89/58 | 81/49 | 69/35 | 54/22 | 45/15 |
| [2] | ||||||||||||
| Colorado state insignia | |
|---|---|
| Motto | Nil sine numine (Latin, "Nothing without Providence") |
| Slogan | none |
| Bird | Lark Bunting |
| Animal | Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep |
| Fish | Greenback cutthroat trout |
| Insect | Colorado Hairstreak Butterfly |
| Flower | Rocky Mountain Columbine |
| Tree | Colorado Spruce or Blue Spruce |
| Song | "Where the Columbines Grow" and "Rocky Mountain High"Lawmakers OK \'Rocky Mountain High\'. The Denver Post (March 12, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-03-12. |
| Quarter |  Released in 2006 |
| Grass | Blue grama |
| Fossil | Stegosaurus |
| Gemstone | Aquamarine |
| Mineral | Rhodochrosite |
| Rock | Yule Marble |
| Tartan | |
The Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde as photographed by Gustaf Nordenskiöld in 1891.
Bent\'s Old Fort on the Arkansas River.
A lithograph of the Denver City mining camp in 1859.
The Georgetown Loop of the Colorado Central Railroad as photographed by William H. Jackson in 1899.
The region that is today the State of Colorado has been inhabited by Native Americans for more than 13 millennia. The Lindenmeier Site in Larimer County contains artifacts dating from approximately 11200 BCE. The Ancient Pueblo Peoples lived in the valleys and mesas of the Colorado Plateau. The Ute Nation inhabited the mountain valleys of the Southern and the Western Rocky Mountains. The Arapaho Nation and the Cheyenne Nation hunted the High Plains.
The United States acquired a territorial claim to the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains with the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803. The U.S. claim conflicted with Spain\'s claim that a huge region surrounding its colony of Santa Fé de Nuevo Méjico was its sovereign trading zone. Zebulon Pike led a U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition into the disputed region in 1806. Pike and his men were arrested by Spanish cavalry in the San Luis Valley the following February, taken to Chihuahua, and expelled from México the following July.
The United States relinquished its claim to all land south and west of the Arkansas River as part of the U.S. purchase of Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. México finally won its independence from Spain in 1821, but it surrendered its northern territories to the United States after the U.S. invasion of México with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The United States divided the area of the future Colorado among the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah organized in 1850, and the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska organized in 1854.
Most American settlers traveling west to Oregon, Deseret, or California avoided the rugged Rocky Mountains and instead followed the North Platte River and Sweetwater River through what is now Wyoming. On 1851-04-09, Hispanic settlers from Taos, New Mexico, settled the village of San Luis, then in the New Mexico Territory, but now Colorado\'s first permanent European settlement. Gold was discovered along the South Platte River in western Kansas Territory in July of 1858, precipitating the Pike\'s Peak Gold Rush.Gehling, Richard (2006). The Pike\'s Peak Gold Rush (HTML). Richard Gehling. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. The placer gold deposits along the rivers and streams of the region rapidly played out, but miners soon discovered far more valuable seams of hard rock gold, silver, and other minerals in the nearby mountains.
The Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on 1859-10-24, but the new territory failed to secure federal sanction. The election of Abraham Lincoln for U.S. President on 1860-11-06, led to the secession of six slave states and the threat of civil war. Seeking to augment the political power of the free states, the Republican led U.S. Congress hurriedly admitted the eastern portion of the Territory of Kansas to the Union as the free State of Kansas on 1861-01-29, leaving the western portion of the territory, and its gold fields, unorganized.
Thirty days later on 1861-02-28, outgoing U.S. President James Buchanan signed an act of Congress organizing the free Territory of Colorado.An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado (PDF). Thirty-sixth United States Congress (1861-02-28). Retrieved on 2007-06-12. The original boundaries of Colorado remain unchanged today. The name Colorado was chosen because it was commonly believed that the Colorado River originated in the territory. Early Spanish explorers named the river the Rio Colorado for the reddish-brown silt the river carried from the mountains.State of Colorado - Division of Information Technologies. State Names and Nicknames. Retrieved on 2006-11-15. In fact, the Colorado River did not flow through the State of Colorado until House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th United States Congress changed the name of the Grand River to the Colorado River on 1921-07-25.Colorado River Water Conservation District (2003). Many years ago, the Colorado River was just Grand (HTML). Summit Daily News. Retrieved on 2007-06-12.
On 1876-08-01 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting the State of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker "Centennial State". The discovery of a major silver lode near Leadville on 1878-05-03, triggered the Colorado Silver Boom. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 envigorated silver mining, but the repeal of the act in 1893 led to a major collapse of the mining and agricultural economy of the state.
Colorado women were granted the right to vote beginning on 1893-11-07, making Colorado the first U.S. state to grant universal suffrage by popular vote. By the 1930 U.S. Census, the population of Colorado exceeded one million residents. The state suffered through the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, but a major wave of immigration following World War II boosted Colorado\'s fortune. Tourism became a mainstay of the state economy, and high technology became an important economic engine. Colorado\'s population exceeded 4.3 million at U.S. Census 2000.
Three different ships of the United States Navy have been named the USS Colorado in honor of the landlocked state.
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1860 | 34,277 | ||
| 1870 | 39,864 | 16.3% | |
| 1880 | 194,327 | 387.5% | |
| 1890 | 413,249 | 112.7% | |
| 1900 | 539,700 | 30.6% | |
| 1910 | 799,024 | 48.0% | |
| 1920 | 939,629 | 17.6% | |
| 1930 | 1,035,791 | 10.2% | |
| 1940 | 1,123,296 | 8.4% | |
| 1950 | 1,325,089 | 18.0% | |
| 1960 | 1,753,947 | 32.4% | |
| 1970 | 2,207,259 | 25.8% | |
| 1980 | 2,889,964 | 30.9% | |
| 1990 | 3,294,394 | 14.0% | |
| 2000 | 4,301,261 | 30.6% | |
| Est. 2007 | 4,861,515 | 13.0% | |
The state\'s most populous city, and capital, is Denver. The Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area, home to 2,927,911 people, contains more than two-thirds of the state\'s population. Residents of Colorado are properly referred to as Coloradans, although the archaic term Coloradoans is still used.Merriam Webster. Definition of Colorado. Retrieved on 2006-09-26. Coloradan refers to a Colorado resident, while Coloradoan is a newspaper in Fort Collins.University Style Manual: Spelling and Syntax (HTML). Colorado State University, Communications & Creative Services (2006-06-30). Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
As of 2005, Colorado has an estimated population of 4,665,177, which is an increase of 63,356, or 1.4%, from the prior year and an increase of 363,162, or 8.4%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 205,321 people (that is 353,091 births minus 147,770 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 159,957 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 112,217 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 47,740 people.
According to estimates made in 2004, Colorado\'s population will increase to 7,150,000 by 2030 [3]. The largest increases are expected in the Front Range Urban Corridor, especially in the Denver metropolitan area.
The center of population of Colorado is located just north of the town of Critchell in Jefferson County [4]
As of 2004, 441,000 foreign-born persons (9.7% of the population) live in the state, including an estimated 144,000 illegal immigrants (3.1% of the state population).
Colorado has one of the highest proportions of Hispanic citizens of any U.S. state; only five states have a higher percentage. Denver and some other areas have significant Mexican populations, while southern Colorado has a large number of Hispanos, the descendants of early New Mexican settlers of colonial Spanish origin. The 2000 U.S. Census reports that 10.52% of people aged 5 and over in Colorado speak Spanish at home [5]. Colorado, like New Mexico, is very rich in archaic Spanish idiomsElcastellano.org talking about Colorado in "nada".
According to the 2000 Census, the largest ancestry groups in Colorado are German (22%), Irish (12.2%), and English (12%). Persons reporting German ancestry are the largest group in the state and are especially strong in the Front Range and eastern Plains. People of British extraction are the largest group in the western Rocky Mountains.
[6].
The Chapel on the Rock at Camp Saint Malo near Allenspark.
The Great Stupa of Dharmakaya near Red Feather Lakes.
The Cadet Chapel at the United States Air Force Academy near Colorado Springs.
| Demographics of Colorado (csv) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| By race | White | Black | AIAN | Asian | NHPI |
| AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native — NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | |||||
| 2000 (total population) | 92.23% | 4.55% | 1.91% | 2.84% | 0.25% |
| 2000 (Hispanic only) | 16.20% | 0.37% | 0.64% | 0.14% | 0.05% |
| 2005 (total population) | 91.91% | 4.74% | 1.83% | 3.19% | 0.26% |
| 2005 (Hispanic only) | 18.46% | 0.48% | 0.61% | 0.18% | 0.06% |
| Growth 2000–2005 (total population) | 8.09% | 13.03% | 3.85% | 22.08% | 15.47% |
| Growth 2000–2005 (non-Hispanic only) | 4.78% | 10.67% | 3.75% | 21.14% | 11.70% |
| Growth 2000–2005 (Hispanic only) | 23.60% | 39.64% | 4.05% | 40.04% | 29.23% |
Colorado, specifically the city of Colorado Springs, serves as the headquarters of numerous Christian groups, most of them Protestant. Focus on the Family is a major conservative Christian organization headquartered in the state. Catholicism is popular among many Coloradans, and is becoming more so with the influx of Latino immigrants. Colorado is similar to other Western states, as it has a high percentage of religiously unaffiliated residents.
According to the American Religious Identification Survey, conducted in 2001 by The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, Colorado\'s population is distributed among the following religious groups:American Religious Identification Survey. The Graduate Center, CUNY (2001). Retrieved on 2007-02-08.
The state capital of Denver is home to the "Wall Street of the West".
.png/58px-Craft Breweries Per Capita (US).png)
Colorado ranks 6th nationally in craft breweries per capita.
Maize growing in Larimer County.
Cattle ranching in Jackson County.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the total state product in 2006 was $230 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $34,561, putting Colorado eighth in the nation. To see a 2004 per capita personal income comparison table on a state basis [7]. The state\'s economy broadened from its mid-19th century roots in mining when irrigated agriculture developed, and by the late 19th century, raising livestock had become important. Early industry was based on the extraction and processing of minerals and agricultural products. Current agricultural products are cattle, wheat, dairy products, corn, and hay.
The federal government is also a major economic force in the state with many important federal facilities including NORAD, United States Air Force Academy and Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs; NOAA and the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder; U.S. Geological Survey and other government agencies at the Denver Federal Center in Lakewood; the Denver Mint, Buckley Air Force Base, and 10th Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver; and a federal Supermax Prison and other federal prisons near Cañon City. In addition to these and other federal agencies, Colorado has abundant National Forest land and four National Parks that contribute to federal ownership of 24,615,788 acres (99,617 km²) of land in Colorado, or 37% of the total area of the state.Tony Frank (January 1997). Colorado Land Ownership by County (acres) (Excel). Colorado Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2007-07-15. Colorado Department of Agriculture: Land Ownership In the second half of the 20th century, the industrial and service sectors have expanded greatly. The state\'s economy is diversified and is notable for its concentration of scientific research and high-technology industries. Other industries include food processing, transportation equipment, machinery, chemical products, minerals such as gold and molybdenum, and tourism. Colorado also produces the largest amount of beer of any state.Colorado rides on Fat Tire to beer heights. Rocky Mountain News 11/24/2007 Accessed 29th November, 2007 Denver is an important financial center.
Colorado has a flat 4.63% income tax, regardless of income level. Unlike most states, which calculate taxes based on federal adjusted gross income, Colorado taxes are based on taxable income - income after federal exemptions and federal itemized (or standard) deductions.Colorado individual income tax return (2005) http://www.revenue.state.co.us/PDF/05104f.pdf, retrieved September 26, 2006U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (2005) online copy, retrieved 2006-09-26 Colorado\'s state sales tax is 2.9% on retail sales. When state revenues exceed state constitutional limits, full-year Colorado residents can claim a sales tax refund on their individual state income tax return. Many counties and cities charge their own rates in addition to the base state rate. There are also certain county and special district taxes that may apply.
Real estate and personal business property are taxable in Colorado. The state\'s senior property tax exemption was temporarily suspended by the Colorado Legislature in 2003. The tax break is scheduled to return for assessment year 2006, payable in 2007.
The special tax districts are:
Colorado state welcome sign.
Federal Highway Routes in the State of Colorado
Jeppesen Terminal of Denver International Airport.
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Union Station in Denver.
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Alamosa, Aurora, Boulder, Brush, Colorado Springs, Delta, Denver, Durango, Englewood, Frisco, Fort Collins, Fort Morgan, Glenwood Springs, Grand Junction, Greeley, Lamar, Limon, Longmont, Montrose, Pueblo, Rocky Ford, Springfield, Sterling, Trinidad, Vail, and Walsenburg |
