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| Maned Wolf | ||||||||||||||||
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| Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) |
The Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid of South America, resembling a big fox with reddish fur. It is called lobo-guará ("Guará Wolf") in Portuguese, aguara guazú ("Big Fox") in Guarani, and lobo de crin ("Maned Wolf") in Spanish. It was improperly called Canis jubatus ("Maned Dog") in some 19th century publications.
The distribution includes southern Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and Bolivia east of the AndesLANGGUTH, A. 1975. Ecology and evolution in the South American canids. Pp. 192-206 in The wild canids: their systematics, behavioral ecology and evolution (M. W. Fox, ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.. It is an endangered species, and its range once included Uruguay, although IUCN lists it as "lower risk". It is the only species in the genus Chrysocyon.
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The Maned Wolf has often been described as "a Red Fox on stilts" due to its similar coloration and overall appearance, though it is much larger than a Red Fox and belongs to a different genus. The adult animal stands almost 1 m (3 ft) tall at the shoulder, and weighs 20 to 25 kg. (50 to 55 lb)DIETZ, J. M. 1984. Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 392:1-51.. The long legs are probably an adaptation to the tall grasslands of its native habitat. Dietz, James (1984). in Macdonald, D.: The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 31. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
The Maned Wolf\'s fur is reddish brown to golden orange on the sides, with long, black legs and a distinctive black mane. The coat is further marked with a whitish tuft at the tip of the tail and a white "bib" beneath the throat. The mane is erectile, and is typically used to enlarge the wolf\'s profile when threatened or when displaying aggression.
Unlike other large canids (such as Wolves, African Hunting Dogs, Dholes) the Maned Wolf does not form packs. It hunts alone, usually between sundown and midnight. It kills its animal prey by biting on the neck or back, and shaking it violently if necessary Cristian Frers, Un lobo de crin llamado Aguará Guazú accessed 2007-04-23. Monogamous pairs may defend a shared territory of about 30 square km, though the wolves themselves may seldom meet, outside of mating. The territory is criscrossed by paths that the wolves create as they patrol at night. Several adults may congregate in the presence of a plentiful food source; a fire-cleared patch of grassland, for example, which would leave small vertebrate prey exposed to foraging wolves.
Maned Wolves, both male and female, use their urine to communicate, e.g. to mark their hunting paths, or the places where they have buried hunted prey . The urine has a very distinctive smell, which some people liken to hops or cannabis. The responsible substance is very likely a pyrazine, which occurs in both plants. (In the Rotterdam Zoo, this smell once set the police on a hunt for cannabis smokersSüddeutsche Zeitung, 2006-09-02, p3.)
Maned wolves have long legs
The mating season ranges from November to February. Gestation lasts 60 to 65 days, and a litter may have up to 2-6 black-furred pups, each weighing about 450 g (1 lb) .
Maned Wolves specialize in small and medium-sized prey, including small mammals (rodents, hares), birds, and even fish Juarez, Keila Macfadem; Jader Marinho-Filho (November 2002). "Diet, habitat use, and home ranges of sympatric canids in central Brazil". Journal of Mammalogy 83 (4): 925-934. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. . A large fraction of their diet (over 50%, according to some studies) is vegetable matter, including sugarcane, tubers, and fruit---especially Wolf Apples, the tomato-like fruit of the Lobeira (Solanum lycocarpum)MOTTA-JUNIOR, J. C., S. A. TALAMON, J. A. LOMBARDI, AND K. SIMOKOMAKI. 1996. Diet of maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, in central Brazil. Journal of Zoology (London) 240:277-284., which may help protect against the kidney worm Dioctophyma renale . Captive maned wolves were traditionally fed meat-heavy diets and developed kidney stones. Zoo diets now feature fruits and vegetables, as well as meat and dog chow.
Maned Wolves participate in symbiotic relationships with the plants that they feed on, as they carry the seeds of various plants, and often defecate on the nests of the leaf-cutting ant. The ants then use the dung to fertilize their fungus gardens, and later discard the seeds onto refuse piles just outside their nest. This process significantly increases the germination rate of the seeds.O. Courtenay,Canid News, Vol. 2, 1994 Conservation of the Maned Wolf: fruitful relationships in a changing environment.. The wolf is particularly susceptible to renal nematode infections, a potentially fatal parasite. The Maned Wolf is not a true, common prey species for any other predator, though it may be attacked or killed by feral domestic dogs. The puma is a potential competitor.
The Maned Wolf is said to be a potential chicken thief; it was once also considered a threat to cattle and sheep, though this is now known to be false. In Brazil, the animal was historically hunted down for some body parts, notably the eyes, that were believed to be good luck charms. However, as they are now classified as endangered by the Brazilian government, they are afforded protection from poachers. Wolves are also endangered by habitat loss and being run over by cars. Wolves risk both physical harm and catching diseases from domestic dogs. The Maned Wolf is shy and flees when alarmed, and it poses little direct threat to man. Maned Wolves are well represented in captivity, and have been bred successfully at a number of zoos like in Argentina.
The Maned Wolf is not closely related to any other canid. It is apparently a survivor from the Pleistocene fauna of large South American mammals; its closest living relative is the Bush Dog (genus Speothos), with a more distant relationship to other South American canines (Short-eared Dog, Crab-eating Fox and the \'false foxes\' or Pseudalopex).Kerstin, Lindblad-Toh; Claire M Wade, Tarjei S. Mikkelsen, Elinor K. Karlsson, David B. Jaffe, Michael Kamal, Michele Clamp, Jean L. Chang, Edward J. Kulbokas III, Michael C. Zody, Evan Mauceli, Xiaohui Xie, Matthew Breen, Robert K. Wayne, Elaine A. Ostrander, Chris P. Ponting, Francis Galibert, Douglas R. Smith, Pieter J. deJong, Ewen Kirkness, Pablo Alvarez, Tara Biagi, William Brockman, Jonathan Butler, Chee-Wye Chin, April Cook, James Cuff, Mark J. Daly, David DeCaprio, Sante Gnerre, Manfred Grabherr, Manolis Kellis, Michael Kleber, Carolyne Bardeleben, Leo Goodstadt, Andreas Heger, Christophe Hitte, Lisa Kim, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Heidi G. Parker, John P. Pollinger, Stephen M. J. Searle, Nathan B. Sutter, Rachael Thomas, Caleb Webber (2005-12-08). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature 438: 803-819.
Chrysocyon brachyurus |
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