Anapsida

Anapsids Fossil range: Permian - Recent
Anapsid skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Sauropsida Subclass: Anapsida Osborn, 1903
Orders
Testudines (Turtles, tortoises & terrapins) Mesosauria - extinct Millerettidae - extinct Nyctiphruretidae - extinct Pareiasauridae - extinct Procolophonidae - extinct Captorhinida - extinct

For the extinct fish, see Anaspid.

An anapsid is an amniote whose skull does not have openings near the temples.Pough, F. H. et al. (2002) Vertebrate Life, 6th Ed. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. ISBN 0130412481

While "anapsid reptiles" or "anapsida" are traditionally spoken of as if they were a coherent group, it has been suggested that several groups of reptiles that had anapsid skulls may be only distantly related: scientists still debate the exact relationship between the basal (original) reptiles which first appeared in the late Carboniferous, the various Permian reptiles which had anapsid skulls, and the Testudines (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins). Many modern paleontologists believe the Testudines are descended from diapsid reptiles which lost their temporal fenestrae, although that view is not generally accepted yet (see Parareptilia for details and references).

Anapsid skull of Caretta caretta (Loggerhead sea turtle) -- a Testudine

The only living reptiles with anapsid skulls are the Testudines. The earliest fossil testudines are from the Triassic, but they were already too like modern turtles to be near the start of their lineage - in particular they already had limb joints within the rib cage. The main article about Testudines covers the debate about their ancestry.

Most of the other reptiles with anapsid skulls, including the millerettids, nyctiphrurets, and pareiasaurs, became extinct in the late Permian period by the Permian-Triassic extinction event. But the procolophonids managed to survive into the Triassic.

References

See also

• Parareptilia
• Diapsida
• Synapsida
• Euryapsida

External links

• Introduction to Anapsida from UCMP

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